Some images supplied by Getty Images. Other images, graphs, diagrams, and illustrations in this course, unless otherwise specified, are TVO created.
What's Up: August 2021 Skywatching Tips from NASA, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_VeXBhQh08, Published 2021, Accessed 17/08/2022.
Solar Eclipse 101, National Geographic, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxrLRbkOwKs, Published 2017, Accessed 17/08/2022.
13 Moons on Turtles Back, Oneida Language & Cultural Centre, URL: https://oneidalanguage.ca/oneida-culture/oneidalanguage-symbols/13-moons-turtle-island/, Published n.d, Accessed 09/06/2022.
Mayan icon of Venus, Judith Ann Griffith, URL: https://crossingworlds.com/venus-transit-earth-sun-2012/, Published c. 2006, Accessed 20/09/2022.
Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS meets the ESO Supernova, ESO/L. Calçada, F. Kamphues, J. C. Muñoz-Mateos, B. Speet, European Southern Observatory, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T2ikFRfGrc, Published 21/10/2024, Accessed 07/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Venus Dust Ring, NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio/Tom Bridgman, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQdQu5woaxI, Published 2019, Accessed 17/08/2022.
What are the Northern Lights?, Canadian Space Agency [CSA], NASA, Neil Zeller, URL: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/northern-lights/what-are-northern-lights.asp, Published 2022, Accessed 17/08/2022.
Solar Eclipse Projector, Canadian Space Agency, Government of Canada, URL: https://asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/youth-educators/activities/fun-experiments/eclipse-projector.asp, Published 11/10/2023, Accessed 30/09/2025.
Kohler Chimpanzees, Wolfgang Kohler, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwDhYUlbxiQ, Published 31/05/2013, Accessed 03/12/2024. Footage c. 1913.
Do You Know All 17 SDG's?, United Nations Audiovisual Library, United Nations, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XTBYMfZyrM, Published 20/04/2018, Accessed 17/08/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 12, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-12.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Hubble Spotlight on Irregular Galaxy, NASA Goddard, URL: https://images.nasa.gov/details/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000154, Published 2017, Accessed 31/03/2025.
A comparison of star sizes. Red dwarf has a lower limit of 0.08 solar masses. Our Sun has 1 solar mass. A blue-white supergiant is approximately 150 solar masses. A red giant is a very old star that evolves from stars of less than 5 solar masses, NASA, ESA and A. Field (STScI), URL: https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2005/05/1651-Image.html, Published 2005, Accessed 10/06/2022.
NGC 4755, NASA/ESA and Jesús Maíz Apellániz (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Spain), URL: https://esahubble.org/images/heic0913a/, Published 29/10/2009, Accessed 10/06/2022. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Galaxy cluster SMACS 0723, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-038#heading-about-this-release, Published 11/07/2022, Accessed 10/06/2022.
NGC 288 HST, ESA/Hubble & NASA, URL: https://esahubble.org/images/potw1111a/, Published 15/03/2011, Accessed 10/06/2022. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
R136a1, ESO/M. Kornmesser, URL: https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1030c/, Published 21/02/2012, Accessed 10/06/2022. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Dope Labs podcast, Lab 006 - Starchella, Titi Shodiya & Zakiya Whatley, MegaOhm Media, URL: https://www.dopelabspodcast.com/podcast-episodes/starchella?rq=stars, Published 2020, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Dope Labs podcast, Lab 006 - Starchella transcript, Titi Shodiya & Zakiya Whatley, MegaOhm Media, URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b38f40b7e3c3a94b302ba0d/t/5d785960c35aea5ebb313f9a/1568168289085/006+Public+Transcript+-+Starchella.docx.pdf, Published 2020, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Messier 17, European Space Agency, NASA, and J. Hester (Arizona State University), URL: https://esahubble.org/images/heic0305a/, Published 2003, Accessed 08/11/2022. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
NGC 3324 in the Carina Nebul, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-webb-reveals-cosmic-cliffs-glittering-landscape-of-star-birth/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Webb: The Birth of Stars, D. Player, L. Ramsay, F. Summers (STScI), Skyworks Digital, Northrop Grumman, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1NiYe4xb6A, Published 2020, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Southern Ring Planetary Nebula, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-webb-captures-dying-stars-final-performance-fine-detail/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Crab Nebula, NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University), URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg, Published 2005, Accessed 08/11/2022.
NASA's Webb Sheds Light on Galaxy Evolution, Black Holes, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb-sheds-light-on-galaxy-evolution-black-holes, Published 12/07/2022, Accessed 20/09/2022.
Image of a Black Hole called Sagittarius A*, EHT Collaboration, URL: https://www.umass.edu/news/article/umass-amherst-astronomers-help-reveal-black-hole-heart-milky-way, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Diagram of the sun’s rays hitting the Earth in June and December as a comparison, Daniel V. Schroeder, URL: https://physics.weber.edu/schroeder/ua/SunAndSeasons.html, Published 2011, Accessed 23/09/2022. Earth image adapted from NASA data using John Walker's Earth and Moon Viewer.
NASA | The Ocean: A Driving Force for Weather and Climate, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY&t=76s, Published 03/08/2012, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Flat Map Ocean Current Flows with Sea Surface Temperatures, Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio, URL: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3821, Published 10/02/2011, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Skylab IV telescope, NASA, URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Skylab_IV-view_of_telescope.jpg/250px-Skylab_IV-view_of_telescope.jpg, Published 08/02/1974, Accessed 10/06/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 7, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-7.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
4-3-2-1 Exit Card, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: http://www.edugains.ca/resourcesCurrImpl/Secondary/FNMIStudies/ImplementationTrainingSessionMaterials/ExitCard4321.pdf, Published n.d, Accessed 29/08/2021.
q chart, LEARNstyle LearnTube, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlDxAnjqTzY, Published 09/08/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Two-Eyed Seeing visual - two joined puzzle pieces with eyes, Basma Kavanagh, URL: http://www.integrativescience.ca/Principles/TwoEyedSeeing/, Published 2020, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Screenshots of CK-12 website, CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://www.ck12.org/account/signup/student/, Accessed 10/06/2022. Screenshots modified by TVO, OECA. This modified content from The CK-12 Foundation is licensed under The CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license/.
Screenrecord of CK-12 simulation "Trophic Levels", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 06/11/2023. This video shows content from CK-12 Trophic Levels interactive: https://www.ck12.org/assessment/tools/geometry-tool/plix.html?eId=SCI.BIO.412&questionId=573f375eda2cfe3a75b0c8a1. The simulation is licensed under the CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license.
CK-12 simulation "Trophic Levels", CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://www.ck12.org/assessment/tools/geometry-tool/plix.html?eId=SCI.BIO.412&questionId=573f375eda2cfe3a75b0c8a1, Published 09/06/2016, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Diatoms: Tiny Factories You Can See from Space, Journey to the Microcosmos, Complexly, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ygty9HxhFK4, Published 12/08/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 11/08/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 14, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-14.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
Screenrecord of CK-12 simulation "Ecosystems: Food Pyramid", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 06/11/2023. This video shows content from CK-12Food Webs interactive: https://www.ck12.org/assessment/tools/geometry-tool/plix.html?eId=SCI.BIO.404,SCI.BIO.411,SCI.BIO.412&questionId=533ded035aa41307737c77a4. The simulation is licensed under the CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license.
CK-12 simulation "Ecosystems: Food Pyramid", CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://www.ck12.org/assessment/tools/geometry-tool/plix.html?eId=SCI.BIO.404,SCI.BIO.411,SCI.BIO.412&questionId=533ded035aa41307737c77a4, Published 09/12/2014, Accessed 10/06/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 15, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-15.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
Sky Woman - Kanien'kehaka (Mohawk), Shelley Niro, URL: https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/fp/fpz2f22e.html, Published 2001, Accessed 13/01/2025. Identification: 2000.129.1.1-10, D2004-11229.
Pillars in the Eagle Nebula, NASA, ESA/Hubble and the Hubble Heritage Team, URL: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubble-messier-catalog/messier-16/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Eagle nebula observed with infrared light by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA/Hubble and the Hubble Heritage Team, URL: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/science/explore-the-night-sky/hubble-messier-catalog/messier-16/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Saturn and it’s rings observed with visible light by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA and E. Karkoschka (University of Arizona), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-saturn-visible-light/, Published 22/03/2004, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Saturn and it’s rings observed with ultraviolet light by the Hubble telescope, NASA and E. Karkoschka (University of Arizona), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-saturn-ultraviolet-light/, Published 22/03/2004, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Hercules A galaxy observed with visible light by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA, S. Baum and C. O'Dea (RIT), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-hercules-a-visible-light/, Published 10/2012, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Hercules A galaxy observed with radio waves by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA, S. Baum and C. O'Dea (RIT), R. Perley and W. Cotton (NRAO/AUI/NSF), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-hercules-a-visible-and-radio/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Supernova Remnant 0509-67.5 observed with visible light by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Acknowledgment: J. Hughes (Rutgers University), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-supernova-remnant-0509-visible-light/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Supernova Remnant 0509-67.5 observed with x-rays by the Hubble telescope, NASA, ESA, CXC, SAO, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), and J. Hughes (Rutgers University), URL: https://science.nasa.gov/image-detail/hubble-supernova-remnant-0509-visible-and-xray/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Sound of the Big Bang, Cosmoknowledge, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpchtF6KnMg / https://www.washington.edu/news/2013/04/04/listening-to-the-big-bang-in-high-fidelity-audio/, Published 06/07/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022. Audio: © 2013 by John G. Cramer, University of Washington.
Kepler, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kepler_bkgd.sm.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
James Webb Telescope, Artists Rendering, NASA, URL: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/images/satellites/jwst/a-propos-webb-telescope-jwst-og.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Nebula Lifetime - MIT, Hernan Canellas, URL: https://news.mit.edu/2017/scientists-estimate-solar-nebulas-lifetime-0209, Published 09/02/2017, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Dark Band Planetary Disc, ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), URL: https://alma-telescope.jp/assets/uploads/sites/alma.mtk.nao.ac.jp/j/news/files/editor/20160913_tsukagoshi_fig3_notext.png, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
TYC-8998-760-1 accompanied by two giant planets, ESO / Bohn et al, URL: http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/directly-imaged-multi-planet-system-young-sun-like-star-08665.html#:~:text=The%20newly%2Ddiscovered%20planet%2C%20TYC,Saturn%20are%20from%20the%20Sun, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
WHMIS Pictograms Kit, https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), December 2022. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
Sample Supplier Label, https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/whmis_ghs/labels.html, OSH Answers, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), March 21, 2023. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
Front and back labels from Liquid-Plumr® Pro-Strength Clog Destroyer, The Clorox Company.
Wonders of the Universe: Stardust, BBC Two, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEw6X2BhIy8, Published 11/03/2011, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Build an Atom", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "Build a Molecule" interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations Project by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Build an Atom", PhEt Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Image of electron ptychographic reconstruction of a praseodymium orthoscandate (PrScO3) crystal zoomed in 100 million times, Cornell University, URL: https://hackaday.com/2021/05/25/ptychography-shows-atoms-at-amazing-revolution/, Published 2018, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Solid (Screenshot), University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Liquid (Screenshot), University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Gas (Screenshot), University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, COSMOS, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tf_jV-Nlx9E, Published 18/11/2023, Accessed 07/04/2025.
Screenrecord of CK-12 simulation "Rutherford's Experiment", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video shows content from CK-12 Trophic Levels interactive: https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry/gold-foil/app/index.html?screen=sandbox&lang=en&referrer=ck12Launcher&backUrl=https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry.html.
CK-12 simulation "Rutherford's Experiment", CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry/gold-foil/app/index.html, Published 18/08/2016, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Is Space Exploration worth Money?, The Planetary Society, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Upxg0D-Eiw, Published 23/03/2022, Accessed 18/10/2023.
A replica of Sputnik 1, NSSDC, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
JPL Computers, NASA/JPL-Caltech, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/computers.html, Published c. 1950s, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Front page of The Huntsville Times, NASA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY, URL: https://science.nasa.gov/resource/yuri-gagarin-first-human-in-space/, Published 12/04/1961, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Valentina Tereshkova, Roscosmos, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/ride_anniversary.html, Published 1963, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Soviet Union-1965-Stamp, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union-1965-Stamp-0.10._Voskhod-2._First_Spacewalk.jpg, Published 1965, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Luna 9, Hungarian Post, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1738_Luna9.jpg, Published c. 1966, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Apollo 8 Crewmembers, NASA, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasacommons/9460163018/, Published 22/11/1968, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Neil Armstrong on the Moon, NASA, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasacommons/9457460819/in/photolist-fpHXBi, Published 20/07/1969, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Salyut 1 with dock, NASA, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salyut1_with_docked_Soyuz_spacecraft.jpg, Published 19/04/1971, Accessed 10/06/2022.
The in-cabin IMAX camera views the deployment of the SPAS-ORFEUS satellite during mission STS-51/Discovery, NASA/IMAX/Exploitcorporations, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:51_SPAS_04.jpg, Published 16/09/1993, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Columbia, NASA, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/orbiterscol.html, Published 4/04/1997, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Marc Garneau, NASA, URL: https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/multimedia/search/image/338, Published 28/09/2005, Accessed 10/06/2022.
IMAX Cargo Bay Camera view of the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA/IMAX, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1990_s31_IMAX_view_of_HST_release.jpg, Published 25/04/1990, Accessed 10/06/2022.
STS-42 crewmembers, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-42_Crew.jpg, Published 30/01/1992, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Sojourner Rover near "The Dice", NASA/JPL, URL: https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01122, Published 12/12/1997, Accessed 10/06/2022.
View of the ISS during flyaround, NASA, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasacommons/9461018214/, Published 03/06/1999, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Astronaut Julie Payette, NASA, URL: https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/sts-96/html/sts096_409_010.html, Published c. May/June 1999, Accessed 10/06/2022.
John B. Harrington, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnBHarrington.jpg, Published 19/11/2009, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Expedition 35 Commander Chris Hadfield of the Canadian Space Agency, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-35_Chris_Hadfield_with_Cardiolab_(CDL)_Leg-Arm_Cuff_System_(LACS).jpg, Published 17/04/2013, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Replica of the Alouette I, on display at the Canadian Air and Space Museum, Captmondo, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CanadianAirAndSpaceMuseum-AlouetteIReplica-Feb2109.jpg, Published 21/02/2009, Accessed 10/06/2022.
STS-116 Payload Crop (Canadarm), NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-116_Payload_Crop_(NASA_S116-E-05364).jpg, Published 11/12/2006, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Steve Robinson on Canadarm2, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:STS-114_Steve_Robinson_on_Canadarm2.jpg, Published 03/08/2005, Accessed 10/06/2022.
NASA Mars rover infographic, NASA/The Associated Press, URL: https://dianepernet.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c76e453ef017617092d0b970c-pi, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
James Webb Space Telescope, NASA, URL: https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/j/jwst, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Galaxy cluster SMACS 0723, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-038#heading-about-this-release, Published c. 2022, Accessed 10/06/2022.
NGC 3324 in the Carina Nebul, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-webb-reveals-cosmic-cliffs-glittering-landscape-of-star-birth/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
NASA's Webb Sheds Light on Galaxy Evolution, Black Holes, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb-sheds-light-on-galaxy-evolution-black-holes, Published 12/07/2022, Accessed 20/09/2022.
Southern Ring Planetary Nebula, NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasas-webb-captures-dying-stars-final-performance-fine-detail/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Marc Garneau, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marc_Garneau_STS-97.jpg, Published 19/06/2000, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Roberta Bondar, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roberta_Bondar.jpg, Published 21/11/1991, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Chris Hadfield, NASA, URL: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:S100e5208.jpg, Published 22/04/2001, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Biomass of Animal Species compared to all biomass on Earth, Visual Capitalist, URL: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-biomass-of-earth-in-one-graphic/, Published 20/08/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
How safe are pesticides, really?, SciShow, Complexly, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eF_fbTbHdyg, Published 13/06/2018, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Replica of the Dish with One Spoon wampum used in the 1701 Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Leddy Library, University of Windsor, URL: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/windsor-treaties-recognition-week-1.6646528, Published n.d, Accessed 09/11/2022.
What is biodiversity and why is it important?, CSIRO, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tgNamjTRkk, Published 15/07/2014, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Pictographs, Agawa Rock, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Wonder AI, URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/wonderal/165250184/, Published 06/11/2006, Accessed 07/08/2024.
Effect of water withdrawal on an ecosystem, TVO/OECA, 2025. Source: Emily Holt and Scott Miller, "Bioindicators: Using Organisms to Measure Environmental Impacts" (2010). Nature Education Knowledge 3(10): 8. URL: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/bioindicators-using-organisms-to-measure-environmental-impacts-16821310. Modified from Scott Miller, David Wooster, and Judith Li, "Resistance and resilience of macroinvertebrates to irrigation water withdrawals" (2007). Freshwater Biology 52(12): 2494-2510. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01850.x. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227959129_Resistance_and_resilience_of_macroinvertebrates_to_irrigation_water_withdrawals.
WHMIS Pictograms Kit, https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), December 2022. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
“Rubber egg“ from the “Chemistry of eggs“ set, MEL Chemistry, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCCsK6a882U, Published 18/04/2018, Accessed 07/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
WHMIS Pictograms Kit, https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), December 2022. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
Her STEM Story Episode 81: An Environmental Enginneer & Research Scientist, Believe in Your Brilliance, URL: https://herstemstory.libsyn.com/episode-81-an-environmental-engineer-research-scientist, Published 20/11/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 11/08/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 6, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-6.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
Coral reef locations, NASA, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_reef_locations.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
One of the largest concentrations of Riftia observed, with anemones and mussels colonizing in close proximity, NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, Galapagos Rift Expedition 2011, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), URL: https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/9660806745/in/set-72157635360690997, Published 03/09/2013, Accessed 30/09/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Unported License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
How to Cycle a Fish Tank - The Nitrogen Cycle, Super Scienced, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm3iUY9PjKQ, Published 11/11/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 11/08/2022.
Hands holding a sample of water with an overgrowth of green algae, Reuters, URL: http://blogs.edf.org/growingreturns/files/2015/10/Ohio-Wetlands-Association.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Toxic algae bloom in Lake Erie, NASA Earth Observatory/Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg, Published 05/10/2011, Accessed 10/06/2022.
How to read a fertilizer label, Sod Solutions, URL: https://sodsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/how-to-read-a-fertilizer-label-example-1024x576.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Screenrecord of Leaf Pack Simulator, TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the Leaf Pack Simulator by The Concord Consortium, accessible at https://leaf-pack.concord.org. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Leaf Pack Simulator, The Concord Consortium, URL: https://leaf-pack.concord.org, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
WHMIS Pictograms Kit, https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), December 2022. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Build a Molecule", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the Build a Molecule interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-a-molecule/latest/build-a-molecule_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Build a Molecule", PhEt Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-a-molecule/latest/build-a-molecule_all.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
All the Metals We Mined 2021, Visual Capitalist, URL: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/all-the-metals-we-mined-in-one-visualization/, Published 05/10/2021, Accessed 07/04/2025.
Ontario metal mines, Chris Brackley, Canadian Geographic Enterprises, URL: https://cangeo-media-library.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/styles/web_article_slider_image/public/images/web_articles/article_images/4873/ring_of_fire_final_02.jpg?itok=73YfEu7F, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Climbing 300-Foot Wind Turbines for a Living, The Weather Channel/Great Big Story, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUjCD-fFU9k, Published 19/01/2017, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Critical minerals, significant projects and operating mines map, TVO/OECA, 2025. Based on Ontario Critical Minerals Framework Discussion Paper, Ontario Ministry of Mines, © King's Printer for Ontario, 2021. URL: https://prod-environmental-registry.s3.amazonaws.com/2021-03/CM_StrategyFramework_DiscussionPaper_02032021_Accessible_EN%20FINAL.pdf.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "John Travoltage", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "John Travoltage" interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations Project by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/john-travoltage/latest/john-travoltage_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "John Travoltage", PhEt Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/john-travoltage/latest/john-travoltage_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
9 Awesome Science Tricks Using Static Electricity!, brusspup, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViZNgU-Yt-Y, Published 10/01/2017, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Balloons and Static Electricity", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "Balloons and Static Electricity" interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations Project by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and-static-electricity_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Balloons and Static Electricity", PhEt Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balloons-and-static-electricity/latest/balloons-and-static-electricity_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
4-3-2-1 Exit Card, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: http://www.edugains.ca/resourcesCurrImpl/Secondary/FNMIStudies/ImplementationTrainingSessionMaterials/ExitCard4321.pdf, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Sodium (Na) metal from the Dennis S.K. collection, Dnn87, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Na_(Sodium).jpg, Published 12/12/2007, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre, Matthias Zepper, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg, Published 07/03/2007, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Halogene, Tomihahndorf, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halogene.jpg, Published 06/04/2006, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Edelgase in Entladungsroehren, Alchemist-hp, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg, Published 26/01/2009, Accessed 10/06/2022.
WHMIS Pictograms Kit, https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), December 2022. Reproduced with the permission of CCOHS, 2024.
Siberian Wildfires, Precious Metals in Sewage, Weed Bio Gas and Flat Pasta | Stories of the Week, World Economic Forum, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb0IbETdGaI, Published 20/08/2021, Accessed 07/04/2025. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
Critical minerals, significant projects and operating mines map, TVO/OECA, 2025. Based on Ontario Critical Minerals Framework Discussion Paper, Ontario Ministry of Mines, © King's Printer for Ontario, 2021. URL: https://prod-environmental-registry.s3.amazonaws.com/2021-03/CM_StrategyFramework_DiscussionPaper_02032021_Accessible_EN%20FINAL.pdf.
Grid energy storage diagram, TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Adapted from Grid energy storage by Wikichesterdit, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grid_energy_storage.png. The original image is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
Graph: Increasing Capacity of Non-Hydro Renewables in the Evolving Scenario, TVO/OECA, 2025. This reproduction is a copy of the version available at the Canada Energy Regulator (CER) website and it has not been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of the CER. URL: https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/canada-energy-future/2020/results/index.html.
How does a Steam Turbine Work?, Lesics, Lesics Engineers Pvt, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPg7hOxFItI, Published 31/03/2017, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex, Ontario Power Generation, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Adam_Beck_Hydroelectric_Generating_Stations#/media/File:Adam_Beck_Complex.jpg, Published 07/03/2007, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Screenshots of CK-12 website, CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://www.ck12.org/account/signup/student/, Accessed 10/06/2022. Screenshots modified by TVO, OECA. This modified content from The CK-12 Foundation is licensed under The CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license/.
Screenrecord of CK-12 simulation "Electrodes in a Battery", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "Battery" interactive by CK-12 Foundation, accessible at https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry/redox-reaction/app/index.html?screen=sandbox&hash=ab3548d81fbb7870581af156ebbc88cc&source=ck12&artifactID=2931908&referrer=library. The simulation is licensed under the CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license.
CK-12 simulation "Electrodes in a Battery", CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry/redox-reaction/app/index.html?screen=sandbox&lang=en&referrer=ck12Launcher&backUrl=https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/chemistry.html, Published 25/10/2016, Accessed 10/06/2022.
But Why: A Podcast For Curious Kids - What is Electricity?, Vermont Public, URL: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/what-is-electricity/id1103320303?i=1000443721534, Published 05/07/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Transcript excerpt for But Why: A Podcast For Curious Kids - What is Electricity?, Vermont Public, URL: https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/45/8b/3765d05d4480914e496ed137f6fd/but-why-95-electricity-transcript.pdf, Published 05/07/2019, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Solar module information label, Shenzhen Hehejin Industrial Co, URL: https://usa18-ysolartech.wondercdn.cn/uploads/image/5fed48df1abbe.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
q chart, LEARNstyle Ltd, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlDxAnjqTzY, Published 09/08/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
4-3-2-1 Exit Card, Ontario Ministry of Education, King's Printer for Ontario, URL: http://www.edugains.ca/resourcesCurrImpl/Secondary/FNMIStudies/ImplementationTrainingSessionMaterials/ExitCard4321.pdf, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
How to use an Ohmmeter?, Daniel Stoescu, wikiHow, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfB-1eqdh_g, Published 07/08/2018, Accessed 08/04/2025.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Ohm's Law", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "Ohm's Law" interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-law/latest/ohms-law_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Ohm's Law", PhEt Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-law/latest/ohms-law_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Circuit Construction Kit", PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/circuit-construction-kit-dc/latest/circuit-construction-kit-dc_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Dover Sun House, James Steinberg, Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC, URL: https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2019/03/20/were-human-guinea-pigs-strangest-house-dover/mxDe6r7xWHg3oMhUjDntPN/story.html, Published 20/03/2019, Accessed 02/08/2024.
Mária Telkes, Joyce Bedi, Smithsonian Institution, URL: https://invention.si.edu/node/28532/p/724-m-ria-telkes, Published 22/03/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Popular Science cover, March 1949, Ray Pioch, Recurrent, URL: https://invention.si.edu/node/28532/p/724-m-ria-telkes, Published 03/1949, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Maria Telkes with Eleanor Raymond at Solar House, 1949, MIT Museum, URL: https://invention.si.edu/node/28532/p/724-m-ria-telkes, Published c. 1949, Accessed 02/08/2024.
Dover Solar House, 1949, MIT Museum, URL: https://invention.si.edu/node/28532/p/724-m-ria-telkes, Published c. 1949, Accessed 02/08/2024.
Grid energy storage diagram, TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Adapted from Grid energy storage by Wikichesterdit, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grid_energy_storage.png. The original image is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
Infographic comparing nuclear, gas, wind and solar energy, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, URL: https://www.c2es.org/content/nuclear-energy/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Science Max: Experiments at Large - Lightning, 9 Story Media Group Inc, URL: https://www.tvokids.com/school-age/science-max-experiments-large/videos/lightning, Published 30/11/2016, Accessed 19/03/2025.
Types of transmission lines and the energy carried, Hydro-Quebec, URL: https://www.hydroquebec.com/themes/securite/images/savoir-reconnaitre-fil-moyenne-tension/hq_securite_1-filsdangereux-en1-reconnaitrelesfils_img4-en.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Tesla Powerpack 2, Tesla, URL: https://pv-magazine-usa.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/07/tesla_powerpack_2-1200x675.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
EnerGuide label from Final Report EnerGuide Contract For the Years 1980-81, Canadian Standards Association/Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, URL: https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/isde-ised/RG23-122-1981-eng.pdf, Published 1981, Accessed 10/06/2022.
EnerGuide label, Canadian Standards Association/Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, URL: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/images/energystar/energuide-label.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Resistance in a Wire", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the "Resistance in a Wire" interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations Project by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/resistance-in-a-wire. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Resistance in a Wire", PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/resistance-in-a-wire, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
Science Blender – Ghazal Shoorideh: Battery Boss, Science Blender, URL: http://scienceblender.com/12-ghazal-shoorideh-battery-boss/, Published 08/08/2020, Accessed 10/06/2022.
How the Next Batteries will Change the World, Bloomberg Originals, Bloomberg L.P, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh5ULFMsQHU, Published 10/03/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Cropped satellite image of City Lights of the United States 2012, The Earth Observatory/Robert Simmon, NASA, URL: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/79800/city-lights-of-the-united-states-2012, Published 05/12/2012, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Grid energy storage diagram, TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Adapted from Grid energy storage by Wikichesterdit, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grid_energy_storage.png. The original image is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.
Excerpt from Marine climate change - Can our sealife survive?, DW Documentary, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gANQyV0W03E, Published 2022, Accessed 10/06/2022.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, URL: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/, Published 2022, Accessed 08/11/2022.
UN Sustainable Development Goal: Infographic – Goal 13, URL: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/img/info/Goal-13.pdf, Accessed 10/01/2025. From The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, by Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ©2022 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Curve Fitting", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the Curve Fitting interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/curve-fitting/latest/curve-fitting_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Curve Fitting", PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/curve-fitting/latest/curve-fitting_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Screenrecord of PhET simulation "Molecules and Light", TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the Molecules and Light interactive by PhET Interactive Simulations by the University of Colorado, accessible at https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecules-and-light/latest/molecules-and-light_en.html. The simulation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
PhET simulation "Molecules and Light", PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/molecules-and-light/latest/molecules-and-light_en.html, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Interior of Inuvik Community Greenhouse from their websites About page, Inuvik Community Greenhouse, URL: https://www.inuvikgreenhouse.com/about-us/, Published n.d, Accessed 11/08/2022.
Where do Canada's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Come From?, Prairie Climate Centre, URL: https://i2.wp.com/prairieclimatecentre.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/GHG-Canada-07-fbthumb.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 12/08/2022.
CO2 emissions (tonnes per person). Showing a free visualization from gapminder.org. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
[The production costs of 1 kilogram beef], Greentravelife, URL: https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*-vAzJUYw2Jc97vXrIAYF8g.png, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Excerpt from The National for Thursday November 16, 2017 - Al Franken, doping, marijuana, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zl-5NQxcmec, Published 16/11/2017, Accessed 10/06/2022.
[AIRS satellite], NASA/JPL, URL: https://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/news/185/airs-at-20-years-a-bounty-of-data/, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
[OCO-2 satellite], NASA/JPL, URL: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/vf4AJyNJ5Pk/maxresdefault.jpg, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Arctic Weather Satellite, J. Huart, European Space Agency, URL: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2021/03/Arctic_Weather_Satellite, Published 09/03/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022. ©ESA.
Artist's rendition of the deployed Jason-3 spacecraft, Centre national d'études spatiales, URL: https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/jason-3, Published 17/01/2016, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Arctic Sea Ice Age 2016 with VO from Walt Meier, NASA/Jefferson Beck, Cindy Starr, Walt Meier, URL: https://images.nasa.gov/details/GSFC_20161028_IceAge_m12403_Yearly, Published 28/10/2016, Accessed 08/04/2025.
Sea Level Rise Accelerates Over Time, NASA/Kathryn Mersmann, Patrick Lynch, URL: https://images.nasa.gov/details/GSFC_20180213_SeaLevelRise_m12849_Acceleration, Published 13/02/2018, Accessed 07/04/2025.
Earth's Long-Term Warming Trend, 1880-2015, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Scientific Visualization Studio, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGOzHVUQCw0, Published 20/01/2016, Accessed 10/06/2022.
CBC News: The National | Global carbon tax pitch, Kids COVID-19 vaccine, Rising travel costs, CBC News, CBC/Radio-Canada, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p61IvS0fmE0, Published 02/11/2021, Accessed 08/04/2025.
Ten Clear Signs Our Climate Is Changing, The Climate Reality Project, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ganvjrYRNY0, Published 24/08/2016, Accessed 08/01/2025.
Our Ocean | Timelapse in Google Earth, Google Earth, Google LLC, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHf-xSvpF-Y, Published 15/04/2021, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Racial justice is climate justice: Jaylen Bastos, David Suzuki Foundation, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6buj3zlHycs, Published 07/07/2021, Accessed 12/08/2024. Courtesy: https://www.davidsuzuki.org/.
Excerpt from Musical Mussels: An Invasive Species Simulation Game, Biodiversity Education and Awareness Network, URL: https://www.biodiversityeducation.ca/uploads/1/3/4/5/134581235/zebra_mussels-compressed.pdf, Published n.d, Accessed 14/08/2024. p. 5-10.
Possible Future Impacts of Climate Change, York Region, URL: https://www.york.ca/media/108131/download?attachment, Published 09/2022, Accessed 10/06/2022.
Crafoord Prize EM1B0732 [photograph of Syukuro Manabe], Bengt Nyman, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_(42329290061).jpg, Published 2018, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/.
Destination Earth – new digital twin of the Earth will help tackle climate change and protect nature, DigitalEU, European Union, URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKVHZlGqEyw, Published 30/03/2022, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The Very Simple Climate Model, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, URL: https://scied.ucar.edu/interactive/simple-climate-model, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Carbon Dioxide Emission Scenarios from 2000 to 2050, International Energy Agency, URL: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/co2-emissions-in-the-weo-2021-scenarios-2000-2050, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. Granted under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Screenrecord of Illuminate Interactive, TVO, OECA, Published n.d, Accessed 10/06/2022. This video features the Illuminate Interactive by the Waterloo Climate Institute in partnership with the Games Institute at the University of Waterloo, accessible at https://ic3uwaterlooca.itch.io/illuminate.
Illuminate Interactive, Waterloo Climate Institute, University of Waterloo, URL: https://ic3uwaterlooca.itch.io/illuminate, Published 10/10/2020, Accessed 11/08/2022.
Screenshots of CK-12 website, CK-12 Foundation, URL: https://www.ck12.org/account/signup/student/, Accessed 10/06/2022. Screenshots modified by TVO, OECA. This modified content from The CK-12 Foundation is licensed under The CK-12 Foundation Curriculum Materials License: https://www.ck12info.org/curriculum-materials-license/.